InfoMonthly November 2010

Colleagues, friends,

Here is the “Info Monthly” for November 2010 in four parts:

A. Announcements: e.g. announced Meetings, Conferences, Resources
B. News, i.e. print and electronic media stories, usually bylined
C. Reports, Essays, Commentaries, Policy Briefs, now including the National Academy of Sciences pubs
D. Research and Reviews: peer-reviewed journal articles

Because of the Thanksgiving recess, it will move a tad into December, as may the December Info Monthly, because of the Holiday recess, into January. We’ll see. As usual, we trust that you will skim these contents for the pieces that matter to you most.

Thanks for all you do.

Robert H. Ross, PhD
Scientific Director, Maine-Harvard Prevention Research Center at the University of New England
November 30, 2010

A. Announcements

1. Twelve Health Impact Project Grants Strive to Make Health a Part of Community Decisions Nationwide. More Than $1.5 Million in Grants Awarded in 2010. The Health Impact Project, a collaboration of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and The Pew Charitable Trusts, this month announced nearly $400,000 in new grants in support of health impact assessment (HIA) demonstration projects, bringing the project’s total investment in this area to more than $1.5 million this calendar year. An HIA makes it possible for health to be considered in decisions in sectors that do not traditionally focus on health outcomes. Read more. To learn more about these new demonstration projects and how other community groups and policy-makers are using HIAs to create healthier, safer communities, visit www.healthimpactproject.org.
2. Maine-Harvard Prevention Research Center Conference, January 21, 2011. Register now! Registration for the Maine Harvard Prevention Research Center's 10th Obesity Conference is now open. The focus of this year's conference is obesity prevention in child care settings. In addition to experts in Maine, there will be speakers from the University of North Carolina, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and from the Harvard Prevention Research Center. Please register early as space is limited. For Registration go to: http://www.acteva.com/. For a copy of the brochure go to: http://www.une.edu/mhprc/index.cfm. Starting Young: Improving the Nutrition and Physical Activity Environment for Pre-School Children. Senator Inn Augusta. January 21, 2011. 8:30- 2:00 pm Conference then 2:00 3:00 pm Starting Young NAP SACC Sites Technical Assistance Session with Dr. Dianne Stanton Ward.
3. Living Cities Announces $80 Million Effort to Remove Barriers to Opportunity for Low-Income Americans. Newark, N.J., Chosen as One of Five Integration Initiative Sites to Focus on Challenges Ranging From Health Care and Education to Housing, Transit and Access to Healthy Foods. Living Cities, a collaborative of 22 of the world’s largest foundations and financial institutions, announced today that it will invest $80 million in five U.S. metropolitan areas to create far-reaching innovations that address intractable problems affecting low-income people. Read the LivingCities.org national press release. Read the Newark press release.
4. Trials Use Technology To Help Young Adults Achieve Healthy Weights. Seven NIH-funded trials seek participants to use Web, cell phones, social networking. To engage young adults in protecting their future heart health, the National Institutes of Health's National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has funded seven clinical trials that combine behavioral weight management programs with technologies such as text messaging, online social networking, and Bluetooth-enabled scales. Several of the trials have begun seeking participants. 
   -- Treating Adults at Risk for Weight Gain with Interactive Technology (TARGIT) at the University of Tennessee, Memphis. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01199185. Participant contact: (901) 448-8400 or http://www.targitstudy.org/
   -- Innovative Approaches for Diet, Exercise, and Activity (IDEA) at the University of Pittsburgh. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01131871. Participant contact: (412) 488-4184 or http://www.idea.pitt.edu/
   -- eMoms Roc: Electronically Mediated Weight Interventions for Pregnant and Postpartum Women at Cornell University/University of Rochester, N.Y.. Participant contact http://www.emomsroc.org/
   -- Choosing Healthy Options in College Environments and Settings (CHOICES) at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01134783. Participant contact: (612) 624-2374 or Megan Treziok (trezi003@umn.edu)
   -- Cell Phone Intervention for You (CITY) at Duke University, Durham, N.C.. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01092364. Participant contact: (919) 681-CITY (2489) or www.dukecitystudy.org
   -- Social/Mobile Approaches to Reducing Weight (SMART) at the University of California, San Diego. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01200459. Participant contact: e-mail:smartinfo@ucsd.edu
   -- Study of Novel Approaches for Prevention (SNAP) at Brown University/Miriam Hospital. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01183689. Participant contact www.snapstudy.org
   More information can be found at www.clinicaltrials.gov.
   Resources:  
   Early Adult Reduction of Weight through Lifestyle Intervention (EARLY) Trials: http://www.earlytrials.org
   Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA): https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/cardia/
   What Are Overweight and Obesity?: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/obe/obe_whatare.html
5. CDC Wants You for Wellness Study. WRITTEN BY INDIANA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. The thirst for wellness information and advice never seems to be quenched. There is a new national opportunity to help provide data and learn more. Heart disease and stroke are the first and third leading causes of death for both men and women in the United States. To avoid the high costs of treating these conditions, employers must consider providing worksite prevention services and interventions to promote employee health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in collaboration with Emory University, state health departments and worksite experts have developed the CDC Worksite HealthScoreCard (HSC) to support efforts in these areas. The HSC examines worksite health promotion interventions (programs, policies and environmental supports) that employers can put in place to promote a healthy workforce, reduce health care costs and increase productivity.In the first phase of this project, the CDC/Emory study team held meetings and focus groups with subject matter experts and potential end-users to develop the survey tool, establish a weighting and scoring methodology and improve the tool’s scientific evidence base, usability and relevance. The second phase of this project will focus on field-testing the tool in order to evaluate its reliability and validity in preparation for public dissemination. They have invited Indiana businesses to participate in this study. CDC/Emory are recruiting employers that represent a variety of industries, business types and sizes. Specifically, they would like to recruit at least 30 employer participants from each of the following business sizes: very small (10-99 employees); small (100-249); medium (250-749); and large (750+). Employers may be for-profit or non-profit, government or private. This study will collect data from just one worksite in each organization. In the case of large organizations that have multiple worksites, they will ask that you restrict your responses to just one worksite. Interested companies should submit applications by December 15.

B. News

1. U.S. Health Well Being Tied to Income. UPI (United Press International), 10/18/2010. The more money Americans make, the better physical, emotional and fiscal well being they report, a Gallup poll indicates. A survey of 200,000 U.S. adults conducted Jan. 1 to Sept. 28 indicates a Well-Being Index composite score -- 55 individual items that collectively measure Americans' physical, emotional and fiscal well being -- of 57.2 among those making less than $24,000 per year, a score of 67.7 among the middle class and a 74.3 score among the wealthy.
2. Viewpoints: Prevention Is the Key to Getting a Handle on Health Care Costs. Sacramento Bee, Stephen M. Shortell, 10/26/2010. The recently passed Affordable Care Act extends health insurance coverage to 32 million Americans, including at least 6 million people in California alone. But expanding access to health care will do little to improve our health. Fifty percent of the determinants of health are due to our behaviors; 20 percent to environmental factors; 20 percent to genetics; and only 10 percent to having access to medical care. Yet in California and as a nation we spend 96 percent of health expenditures on medical services and only 4 percent on preventing disease and promoting health.
3. NIH Introduces Images, A Database Of Images In Biomedical Literature. NIH News, Oct 28, 2010. More than 2.5 million images and figures from medical and life sciences journals are now available through Images, a new resource for finding images in biomedical literature. The database was developed and will be maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a division of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health. Images is available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/images.
4. Obesity programs little help for black girls. Alison McCook, Reuters Health, Nov 2, 2010. NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Two large initiatives designed to prevent African-American girls from becoming obese are not very successful at it, according to two new studies. Read more.
5. Where Kids Get Their Empty Calories. Harrison Wein, NIH Research Matters, Oct 25, 2010. Nearly 40% of the energy consumed by 2- to 18-year-olds comes in the form of "empty" calories-those from solid fats and added sugars-a new study has found. Half of those empty calories come from the solid fats and added sugars in just 6 sources: soda, fruit drinks, dairy desserts, grain desserts, pizza and whole milk. Over the past 3 decades, childhood obesity rates in America have tripled. Today, nearly 1 in 3 children nationwide is overweight or obese, which increases the likelihood of developing diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer and asthma. The growing weight problems of our nation’s children stem from a combination of greater energy consumption (counted in calories) and less physical activity. The solution to childhood obesity will involve changes in both diet and physical activity. The best way to cut energy intake is to limit unnecessary empty calories. To help limit the empty calories children are consuming, doctors and policy makers first need a better understanding of where the calories come from. Drs. Jill Reedy and Susan M. Krebs-Smith of NIH’s National Cancer Institute (NCI) set out to examine the sources of total energy and empty calories in American children’s diets. Read more. Related Links: NIH Radio: Flow of empty calories into children's food supply must be reduced: http://www.nih.gov/news/radio/oct2010/20101012NCIobesity.htm. Preventing Childhood Obesity: http://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2005/July2005/docs/01features_02.htm. Let’s Move!: http://www.letsmove.gov/. We Can!: http://wecan.nhlbi.nih.gov/.
6. Healthy Life Could Prevent 23 Percent of Colon Cancers. Reuters, Kate Kelland, 10/26/2010, Getting people to eat a healthy diet, not smoke, cut down on alcohol and exercise more could prevent almost a quarter of the some 1.2 million cases of colon cancer diagnosed each year, scientists said on Wednesday. Researchers from Denmark found that following recommendations on physical activity, waist circumference, smoking, alcohol intake and diet could reduce the risk of developing bowel cancer by as much as 23 percent.
7. High-fructose corn syrup in soda has much more fructose than advertised, study finds. Karen Kaplan, Los Angeles Times, October 26, 2010. High-fructose corn syrup is often singled out as Food Enemy No. 1 because it has become ubiquitous
   in processed foods over about the last 30 years – a period that coincides with a steep rise in obesity. One of the primary sources of HFCS in the American diet is soda – in fact, many public health advocates refer to soda as “liquid candy.” That nickname is more apt than advocates realized, according to a study published online this month by the journal Obesity. Researchers from the University of Southern California’s Keck School of Medicine went shopping in East Los Angeles and bought 23 cans and bottles of popular beverages. Then they sent them off to a laboratory in Massachusetts that used a technique called high-performance liquid chromatography to determine how much fructose, glucose and sucrose were in each sample. Each beverage was tested three times, and all samples were unlabeled. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/booster_shots/2009/09/soda-consumption-in-california-bubbling-over.html
8. OPINION: Your ZIP Code and Your Life Expectancy. Denver Post, James Marks, 11/11/2010. Why do people in Denver County die five years sooner on average than people in Park County? That question was at the core of this year's meeting of the American Public Health Association (APHA), held this week here in Denver. The theme of the meeting was "Social Justice: A Public Health Imperative," and those gathering here focused on factors in our communities that, to a large extent, determine why certain people live sicker, shorter lives and what we can do to even out these differences.
9. RWJF Urges U.S. House to Pass Child Nutrition Legislation. Op-ed by Risa Lavizzo-Mourey notes the “meaningful strides toward improving the school lunch and breakfast programs” made by the bill now before the House of Representatives. Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, M.D., M.B.A., president and CEO of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, in an op-ed yesterday in The Hill, calls on the House to approve the bipartisan Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act.  View the resources.
10. Employers Ready to Raise the Stakes for Health Incentives. Los Angeles Times, Lisa Zamosky, 11/15/2010. Your employer wants you to stop smoking and lose some weight. And the boss is willing to sweeten the pot if you succeed. There's a new twist to corporate wellness programs: Increasingly, employers want to see concrete results before they reward you with premium breaks on your health benefits or with cash and gift cards.
11. Disease Prevention Could Save U.S. Billions of Dollars Annually. Reducing rates of diabetes, high blood pressure by 5% worth $9 billion a year, study finds. Robert Preidt, HealthDay News, Nov 22, 2010. More information: The American Academy of Family Physicians explains how common behaviors affect your health.
12. Eating orange and dark green vegetables linked to longer life. Lynne Peeples, Reuters, Nov 23, 2010. NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Eating lots of orange and dark green veggies such as carrots, sweet potatoes and green beans may be tied to less disease and longer life, suggests a new study. This time it is not the beta-carotene in vegetables that has the spotlight, but rather its cousin: alpha-carotene. Both are members of the carotenoid antioxidant family. View the source.
13. Why are we getting fatter? UAB researchers seek a mysterious culprit. eScience News, Nov 23, 2010. So, why are we fat? And getting fatter? Most people would say it's simple: We eat too much and exercise too little. But University of Alabama at Birmingham obesity researcher David B. Allison, Ph.D., says that answer, while valid, may be a little too simple.

C. Reports, Essays, Commentaries, Policy briefs

1. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States. Authors: Jane E. Henney, Christine L. Taylor, and Caitlin S. Boon, Editors; Committee on Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake; Institute of Medicine. Description: Reducing the intake of sodium is an important public health goal for Americans. Since the 1970s, an array of public health interventions and national dietary guidelines has sought to reduce sodium intake. However, the U.S. population still consumes more sodium ... Read More.
2. Examination of Front-of-Package Nutrition Rating Systems and Symbols: Phase I Report. Authors: Ellen A. Wartella, Alice H. Lichtenstein, and Caitlin S. Boon, Editors; Committee on Examination of Front-of-Package Nutrition Ratings Systems and Symbols; Institute of Medicine. Description: The federal government requires that most packaged foods carry a standardized label--the Nutrition Facts panel--that provides nutrition information intended to help consumers make healthful choices. In recent years, manufacturers have begun to include additional nutrition messages on their food packages. ... Read More.
3. Women's Health Research: Progress, Pitfalls, and Promise. Authors: Committee on Women's Health Research; Institute of Medicine. Description: Even though slightly over half of the U.S. population is female, medical research historically has neglected the health needs of women. However, over the past two decades, there have been major changes in government support of women's health research--in policies, ... Read More.
4. Child and Adult Care Food Program: Aligning Dietary Guidance for All. Authors: Suzanne P. Murphy, Ann L. Yaktine, Carol West Suitor, and Sheila Moats, Editors; Committee to Review Child and Adult Care Food Program Meal Requirements; Institute of Medicine. Description: The Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) is a federally-funded program designed to provide healthy meals and snacks to children and adults while receiving day care at participating family day care homes, traditional child care centers, afterschool facilities, adult ...Read More.
5. Providing Healthy and Safe Foods As We Age: Workshop Summary. Authors: Leslie Pray, Caitlin Boon, Emily Ann Miller, and Laura Pillsbury, Rapporteurs; Food Forum; Institute of Medicine. Description: Does a longer life mean a healthier life? The number of adults over 65 in the United States is growing, but many may not be aware that they are at greater risk from foodborne diseases and their nutritional needs change ... Read More.
6. Planning a WIC Research Agenda: Workshop Summary. The time has come to initiate a new program of research on the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (commonly referred to as WIC). WIC is the third largest food assistance program administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture... Read More.
7. A Global Call to Action on Chronic Diseases. Scientific American (December 2010), 303, 28. Published online: 17 November 2010. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1210-28a. Christine Gorman. Abstract. Most deaths from cancer and heart disease now occur in the poorer parts of the world. Introduction. The global health community has won many victories against infectious disease in the poorer parts of the world—eradicating smallpox in the 1970s and beating down the number of reported polio cases. Now it is turning to cancer and heart disease. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) in Washington, D.C., recently released a report warning that the rising tide of cardiovascular disease in low- and middle-income countries is threatening those nations' economic well-being. And a group of physicians and celebrities (including cycling champion Lance Armstrong and Princess Dina of Jordan) has published a call to action in Lancet to expand cancer care and control in poorer countries.
8. Fast-Food Companies Still Serving Unhealthy Meals, Aggressively Marketing to Children. Unprecedented new report on fast-food nutrition and marketing examines actions of 12 of the nation's largest chains. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Nov 8, 2010. A new report from Yale’s Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity finds that children as young as 2 are seeing more fast-food ads than ever before, and that fast-food restaurants rarely offer parents the healthy kids’ meal choices. Report findings show that fast-food marketers target children across a variety of media and in restaurants, and that restaurants provide largely unhealthy side dishes and drinks as the default options that come with kids’ meals. The new report is the most comprehensive study of fast-food nutrition and marketing ever undertaken. The report, titled Fast Food F.A.C.T.S. (Food Advertising to Children and Teens Score), examined the marketing efforts of 12 of the nation’s largest fast-food chains, and analyzed the calories, fat, sugar and sodium in more than 3,000 kids’ meal combinations and 2,781 menu items. It also analyzed marketing practices of the 12 major chains.
9. New Report Highlights Changes Needed to Support Healthy Eating and Physical Activity in U.S. Elementary Schools. By: Turner L, Chaloupka FJ, Chriqui JF and Sandoval A. Elementary school practices fall short of national recommendations for diet and physical activity. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Nov 23, 2010. A comprehensive new report from Bridging the Gap and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation shows that elementary schools across the nation commonly offer their students junk food and soda, serve meals that don’t meet current dietary guidelines, and provide little time for physical activity. The report, School Policies and Practices to Improve Health and Prevent Obesity: National Elementary School Survey Results, examined practices that affect nutrition, physical activity and obesity prevention for tens of millions of students. Its conclusions are critical for informing the Child Nutrition Reauthorization legislation, including policies related to competitive foods and school meals.

D. Research and Reviews

1. Child overweight/obesity

1.1. Determinants, Risk factors, Co-occurring conditions
1.1.1. Turner L, Chaloupka FJ. Wide Availability of High-Calorie Beverages in US Elementary Schools. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010 Nov 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21041590. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21041590
1.1.2. Ventura EE, Davis JN, Goran MI. Sugar Content of Popular Sweetened Beverages Based on Objectiv Laboratory Analysis: Focus on Fructose Content. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20948525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20948525 
 
1.2. Disparities
1.2.1. Klesges RC, Obarzanek E, Kumanyika S, Murray DM, Klesges LM, Relyea GE, Stockton MB, Lanctot JQ, Beech BM, McClanahan BS, Sherrill-Mittleman D, Slawson DL. The Memphis Girls' health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS): an evaluation of the efficacy of a 2-year obesity prevention program in African American girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010 Nov;164(11):1007-14. PubMed PMID: 21041593. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21041593
1.2.2. Robinson TN, Matheson DM, Kraemer HC, Wilson DM, Obarzanek E, Thompson NS, Alhassan S, Spencer TR, Haydel KF, Fujimoto M, Varady A, Killen JD. A randomized controlled trial of culturally tailored dance and reducing screen time to prevent weight gain in low-income African American girls: Stanford GEMS. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010 Nov;164(11):995-1004. PubMed PMID: 21041592. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21041592

1.3. Prevalence, Incidence
1.4. Physical activity and Nutrition

1.5. Intervention, Outcomes, including Cost
1.5.1.  O'Brien KS, Puhl RM, Latner JD, Mir AS, Hunter JA. Reducing anti-fat prejudice in preservice health students: a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Nov;18(11):2138-44. Epub 2010 Apr 15. PubMed PMID: 20395952. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20395952
1.5.2. Kim JS, Lee K. The relationship of weight-related attitudes with suicidal behaviors in Korean adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Nov;18(11):2145-51. Epub 2010 Mar 25. PubMed PMID: 20339366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20339366

1.6. Measurement

2. Adult overweight/obesity

2.1. Determinants, Risk factors, Co-occurring conditions
2.1.1. QuickStats: Death Rates For Persons Aged >65 Years, with Diabetes as
the Underlying or a Contributing Cause, by Race and Sex: United States, 1981—2007 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5941a7.htm?s_cid=mm5941a7_e
2.1.2. Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Gregg EW, Barker LE, Williamson DF. Projection of the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the US adult population: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and prediabetes prevalence. Popul Health Metr. 2010 Oct 22;8:29. PubMed PMID: 20969750; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2984379. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20969750
2.1.3. Ventura EE, Davis JN, Goran MI. Sugar Content of Popular Sweetened Beverages Based on Objectiv Laboratory Analysis: Focus on Fructose Content. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20948525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20948525
2.1.4. Fuemmeler BF, Ostbye T, Yang C, McClernon FJ, Kollins SH. Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and obesity and hypertension in early adulthood: a population-based study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010 Oct 26. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20975727. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20975727
2.1.5. Cannon CP, Shah S, Dansky HM, Davidson M, Brinton EA, Gotto AM, Stepanavage M, Liu SX, Gibbons P, Ashraf TB, Zafarino J, Mitchel Y, Barter P; the DEFINE Investigators. Safety of Anacetrapib in Patients with or at High Risk for Coronary Heart Disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 17. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21082868. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21082868
2.1.6. Gandhi R, Wasserstein D, Razak F, Davey JR, Mahomed NN. BMI Independently Predicts Younger Age at Hip and Knee Replacement. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Dec;18(12):2362-6. Epub 2010 Apr 8. PubMed PMID: 20379147. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20379147
2.1.7. Klimentidis YC, Beasley TM, Lin HY, Murati G, Glass GE, Guyton M, Newton W, Jorgensen M, Heymsfield SB, Kemnitz J, Fairbanks L, Allison DB. Canaries in the coal mine: a cross-species analysis of the plurality of obesity epidemics. Proc Biol Sci. 2010 Nov 24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21106594. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21106594

2.2. Prevalence, Incidence
2.2.1.  St-Onge MP. Are normal-weight Americans over-fat? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Nov;18(11):2067-8. PubMed PMID: 20978478. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20978478
2.2.2. Kraschnewski JL, Boan J, Esposito J, Sherwood NE, Lehman EB, Kephart DK, Sciamanna CN. Long-term weight loss maintenance in the United States. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010 Nov;34(11):1644-54. Epub 2010 May 18. PubMed PMID: 20479763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479763

2.3. Physical activity and Nutrition
2.3.1. Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Balluz LS, Giles WH, Liu S. Serum {alpha}-Carotene Concentrations and Risk of Death Among US Adults: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21098341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098341

2.4. Intervention, Outcomes, including Cost
2.4.1. Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Schiffer L, Sharp LK, Singh V, Dyer A. Obesity Reduction Black Intervention Trial (ORBIT): 18-Month Results. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Dec;18(12):2317-25. Epub 2010 Mar 18. PubMed PMID: 20300081. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300081
2.4.2. Ormond BA, Spillman BC, Waidmann TA, Caswell KJ, Tereshchenko B. Potential National and State Medical Care Savings From Primary Disease Prevention. Am J Public Health. 2010 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21088270. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21088270
2.4.3. Goodpaster BH, Delany JP, Otto AD, Kuller L, Vockley J, South-Paul JE, Thomas SB, Brown J, McTigue K, Hames KC, Lang W, Jakicic JM. Effects of diet and physical activity interventions on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors in severely obese adults: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010 Oct 27;304(16):1795-802. Epub 2010 Oct 9. PubMed PMID: 20935337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20935337
2.4.4. Rock CL, Flatt SW, Sherwood NE, Karanja N, Pakiz B, Thomson CA. Effect of a free prepared meal a incentivized weight loss program on weight loss and weight loss maintenance in obese and overweight women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010 Oct 27;304(16):1803-10. Epub 2010 Oct 9. PubMed PMID: 20935338. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20935338
2.4.5. Iqbal N, Vetter ML, Moore RH, Chittams JL, Dalton-Bakes CV, Dowd M, Williams-Smith C, Cardillo S, Wadden TA. Effects of a low-intensity intervention that prescribed a low-carbohydrate vs. a low-fat diet in obese, diabetic participants. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Sep;18(9):1733-8. Epub 2009 Dec 17. PubMed PMID: 20019677. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019677

2.5. Measurement